- Interdisciplinary team of over 70 authors analysed over 400 individuals in the largest early-Medieval population study to date
- New genetic results show that around 75% of the population in Eastern and Southern England at that time was made up of migrants
- Integration with the existing population varied from region to region and community to community
Research involving Cranfield Forensic Institute has provided new insights into large-scale Anglo-Saxon migration into the East of England during the early-Medieval period.
In the largest early-Medieval population study to date, an interdisciplinary team consisting of geneticists and archaeologists – led by the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology and the University of Central Lancashire – analysed remains from over 400 individuals from ancient Britain, Ireland, Germany, Denmark and the Netherlands. The results show in detail one of the largest population transformations in the post-Roman world.
Nearly five hundred years after the Romans left, scholars like Bede wrote about the Angles and the Saxons and their migrations to the British Isles. Scholars of many disciplines, including archaeology, history, linguists and genetics, have debated what his words might have described, and what the scale, the nature and the impact of human migration was at that time.
New genetic results now show that around 75 percent of the population in Eastern and Southern England was made up of migrant families whose ancestors must have originated from continental regions bordering the North Sea, including the Netherlands, Germany and Denmark. These families interbred with the existing population of Britain, but importantly this integration varied from region to region and community to community.
Dr Sophie Beckett, Lecturer in Forensic and Archaeological Biominerals, Cranfield Forensic Institute, and one of the authors of the study, said: “Cranfield’s longstanding collaborator, the Sedgeford Historical and Archaeological Research Project was delighted to be part of such a key piece of research. The work has already helped to answer many questions about early-Medieval populations in England. The genetic data will continue to prove extremely valuable in future anthropology studies focused on individual sites as well as those that consider different populations.”
Dr Beckett is one of the Human Remains Supervisory Team Leads at the which provided bone and tooth samples for the study from individuals in SHARP’s archive of skeletons from Sedgeford’s early-Medieval cemetery.
Joscha Gretzinger, a lead author of the study, said: “With 278 ancient genomes from England and hundreds more from Europe, we have gained really fascinating insights into population-scale and individual histories during post-Roman times. Not only do we now have an idea of the scale of migration, but also how it played out in communities and families.”
Using published genetic data from more than 4,000 ancient and 10,000 present-day Europeans, the researchers identified subtle genetic differences between the closely related groups inhabiting the ancient North Sea region.
Migrants intermixed with the local population
Upon arrival, the migrants intermixed with the local population. In one case, in an Anglo-Saxon cemetery from Buckland near Dover, researchers were able to reconstruct a family tree across at least four generations and identify the point in time when migrants and locals intermarried. This family showed a large degree of interaction between the two gene pools. Overall, the researchers witnessed burials of prominent status across the studied cemeteries of both local and migrant origin.
The team was able to integrate archaeological data with these new genetic results, revealing that women of immigrant origin were buried with artifacts more often than women of local origin, especially considering items such as brooches and beads. Men buried with weapons were found to have both genetic origins equally often. These differences were locally mediated with prominent burials or wealthy graves seen across the range of origins. For example, a woman buried with a complete cow in Cambridgeshire was genetically mixed, with majority local ancestry.
Duncan Sayer, archaeologist from the University of Central Lancashire and a lead author of the study, said: “We see considerable variation in how this migration affected communities. In some places, we see clear signs of active integration between locals and immigrants, as in the case of Buckland near Dover, or Oakington in Cambridgeshire. Yet in other cases, like Apple Down in West Sussex, we see that people with immigrant and local ancestry were buried separately in the cemetery. Perhaps this is evidence of some degree of social separation at this site.”
Impact of this historic migration on present-day English people
With the new data, the team could also consider the impact of this historic migration today. Notably the present-day English derive only 40 percent of their DNA from these historic continental ancestors, whereas 20 to 40 percent of their genetic profile likely came from France or Belgium. This genetic component can be seen in the archaeological individuals and in Frankish objects found in early-Medieval graves, particularly in Kent.
“It remains unclear whether this additional ancestry related to Iron Age France is connected to a few punctuated migration events, such as the Norman conquest, or whether it was the result of centuries-long mobility across the English Channel,” said Stephan Schiffels, lead senior author of the study. “Future work, specifically targeting the medieval period and later will reveal the nature of this additional genetic signal.”
The research has recently been published open access in and there is a blog by SHARP about the study .
